IMMUNOLOGY II (j.ang)

Bogdan Koczanowski Ph.D.
1. Identify the structure labeled "3."



a) subcapsular space
b) outer cortex
c) capsule
d) cortex
e) trabeculae
2. Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

a) natural passive
b) auto
c) innate
d) passive
e) active
3. T cells and B cells can be activated only by

a) pathogens.
b) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.
c) disease-causing agents.
d) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells.
e) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
4. Helper T cells do all of the following, except

a) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production.
b) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells.
c) attract and stimulate the activity of NK cells.
d) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen.
e) enhance nonspecific defenses.
5. ________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

a) Tonsils
b) Immune complexes
c) Lymph nodes
d) Peyer patches
e) Spleens
6. Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

a) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands.
b) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
c) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes.
d) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands.
e) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.
7. Which of these is not a property of an IgG heavy chain?

a) has one constant segment
b) binds antigen at both ends
c) binds complement in the constant region
d) has one variable segment
e) binds one light chain
8. In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

a) active immunization.
b) natural immunity.
c) alloimmunity.
d) innate immunity.
e) passive immunization.
9. Lymphoid tissue is found in the greatest quantity in

a) the adult spleen.
b) the tonsils.
c) Peyer patches.
d) bone marrow.
e) the adult thymus.
10. The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except

a) lymph nodes.
b) lymph.
c) the venae cavae.
d) the spleen.
e) lymphatic vessels.
11. The medullary cords of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

a) NK
b) B
c) cytotoxic T
d) medullary
e) cordal
12. Infection with the HIV virus occurs through

a) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes.
b) casual contact with an infected individual.
c) sharing clothes with an infected individual.
d) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.
e) eating contaminated food.
13. Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

a) suppressor T
b) B
c) plasma
d) cytotoxic T
e) helper T
14. During a primary immune response, the

a) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.
b) IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel.
c) IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer.
15. Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the

a) CNS.
b) renal arteries.
c) throat.
d) groin.
e) periphery.
16. Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

a) active
b) passive
c) auto
d) naturally acquired passive
e) innate
17. Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

a) lymph first enters the subcapsular space
b) lymph flows past dendritic cells
c) the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
d) the efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum
e) lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic
18. A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

a) blood.
b) interstitial.
c) serum.
d) tears.
e) lymph.
19. Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include

a) mucus.
b) sebaceous glands.
c) epithelia.
d) epidermal layers.
e) all of the above
20. Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

a) IgE.
b) IgG.
c) IgM.
d) IgD.
e) IgA.
21. Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

a) red pulp.
b) white pulp.
c) lymph nodes.
d) adenoids.
e) Peyer patches.
22. When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

a) helper T
b) NK
c) B
d) plasma
e) cytotoxic T
23. Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only

a) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies.
b) during infections.
c) when NK cells are activated.
d) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited.
e) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
24. Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "4."



a) erythrocytes
b) B cells
c) platelets
d) T cells
e) all of the above
25. If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

a) neutrophils.
b) T cells.
c) B lymphocytes.
d) NK cells.
e) both B and C
26. The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found in the

a) kidney.
b) spleen.
c) thyroid gland.
d) liver.
e) pancreas.
27. Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by

a) inhibiting glucocorticoid release.
b) increasing the level of glucocorticoids.
c) depressing the inflammatory response.
d) reducing the number of phagocytes.
e) inhibiting interleukin secretion.
28. Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?

a) thymus
b) spleen
c) lymph nodes
d) tonsils
e) all of the above
29. Various types of macrophages are derived from

a) lymphocytes.
b) monocytes.
c) eosinophils.
d) basophils.
e) neutrophils.
30. Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they

a) monitor the contents of lymph.
b) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
c) accumulate cancer cells.
d) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
e) produce antibodies.
31. Inflammation produces localized

a) heat.
b) swelling.
c) redness.
d) pain.
e) all of the above
32. The primary function of the lymphoid system is

a) the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
b) circulation of nutrients.
c) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
d) the transport of hormones.
e) both B and D
33. The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.The correct sequence for these steps is

a) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6.
b) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6.
c) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6.
d) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2.
e) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2.
34. In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by

a) the variable segment of the light chain
b) the constant segment of the heavy chain
c) the variable segment of the heavy chain
d) A + B
e) A + C
35. An inflammatory response is triggered when

a) mast cells release histamine and heparin.
b) blood flow to an area increases.
c) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
d) T cells release interferon.
e) red blood cells release pyrogens.
36. Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

a) cytotoxic T
b) NK
c) plasma
d) B
e) helper T
37. Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

a) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not.
b) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax.
c) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can.
d) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
e) both A and B
38. ________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen.

a) IgG
b) IgE
c) IgD
d) IgA
e) IgM
39. Lymph nodes range in diameter from

a) 1 cm to 1 inch.
b) 1 inch to 2 inches.
c) 1 nm to 10 nm.
d) 1 cm to 25 cm.
e) 1 mm to 25 mm
40. The lymphoid system does all of the following, except that it

a) transports lipids from the digestive tract.
b) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
c) fights infection.
d) helps maintain normal blood volume.
e) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
41. Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

a) red blood cells
b) all body cells with a nucleus
c) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen
d) granulocytes and microphages
e) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
42. The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

a) fibrous connective tissue.
b) lymphocytes+.
c) trabeculae.
d) arteries.
e) veins.
43. Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

a) auto
b) innate
c) natural passive
d) passive
e) naturally acquired active
44. Nonspecific defenses include

a) interferons.
b) inflammation.
c) physical barriers.
d) phagocytic cells.
e) all of the above
45. The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

a) B
b) cytotoxic T
c) plasma
d) helper T
e) suppressor T
46. Characteristics of specific defenses include

a) tolerance.
b) specificity.
c) memory.
d) versatility.
e) all of the above
47. In general, lymphocytes

a) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue.
b) have relatively long life spans.
c) have two nuclei.
d) all of the above
e) A and B only
48. During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except

a) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
b) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.
c) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately.
d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.
e) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells.
49. The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

a) NK
b) helper T
c) B
d) suppressor T
e) plasma
50. All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that it

a) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.
b) is delayed by the memory cell stage+.
c) peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
d) requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.
e) depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.
51. Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

a) blood vessels.
b) sensory nerve endings.
c) adipose tissue.
d) hyaline cartilage.
e) both A and C
52. Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphoid nodule.

a) central zone
b) germinal center
c) cortex
d) both A and B
e) A, B, and C
53. A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

a) is producing T lymphocytes.
b) has a sore throat.
c) is running a fever.
d) has swollen lymph nodes.
e) is feeling achy.
54. Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

a) spleen.
b) kidneys.
c) bone marrow.
d) liver.
e) thymus.
55. T is to ________ as B is to ________.

a) thyroid; bowel
b) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
c) top; bottom
d) non-thymus-dependent; bottom
e) none of the above
56. Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

a) nonspecific immunity.
b) immunological surveillance.
c) fever.
d) specific immunity.
e) skin defenses.
57. All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it

a) activates B cells.
b) lies in the anterior mediastinum.
c) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life.
d) produces T cells.
e) involutes after puberty.
58. Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they

a) are larger in diameter.
b) are frequently irregular in shape.
c) are smaller in diameter.
d) have no basement membrane.
e) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.
59. Suppressor T cells act to

a) inhibit T and B cell activities.
b) suppress antigens.
c) erase memory T cells.
d) limit antigen proliferation.
e) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.
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