NEUROLOGOPEDIA I (j.ang)

Bogdan Koczanowski Ph.D.
1. In the opening vignette of the human communication chapter, patient R.F.

a) was unable to type, but could pronounce the names of common objects.
b) could type, but not read.
c) could not read words aloud, but could detect spelling errors.
d) was unable to spell the names of common objects.
e) was able to remember the names of common objects.
2. Patient R.F. was unable to ________ after damage to her ________ .

a) read; left hemisphere
b) type; corpus callosum
c) spell; right hemisphere
d) write; corpus callosum
e) spell; left hemisphere
3. Human verbal behaviors

a) have behavioral effects on others.
b) are a form of social behavior.
c) allow us to share information with others.
d) allow us to accumulate knowledge from generation to generation.
e) All of the above are correct.
4. Much of our knowledge about the physiology of language has been obtained by studying

a) non-human primates.
b) changes in verbal behavior after consumption of drugs such as alcohol.
c) patients with brain tumors.
d) blood flow to language areas in intact, normal people while they are talking.
e) people who have suffered cerebrovascular accidents or strokes.
5. The most common form of stroke is that produced

a) by abnormal neuron electrical activity.
b) in the brain after a brain blood vessel has burst.
c) by consumption of too much alcohol.
d) by interruption of blood flow in a brain vessel.
e) by phagocytosis associated with aging.
6. Studies in which electrical brain stimulation is used to alter verbal behavior in seizure patients can be difficult to interpret because

a) verbal skills are not easily altered by electrical stimulation.
b) the brain of a seizure patient is likely to have developed in a different pattern from that of a normal brain.
c) seizure activity may occur at the same time as that delivered by the surgeon.
d) the brains of seizure patients are smaller and thus more difficult to map than a normal brain.
e) seizure patients show very poor language skills.
7. The most recent source of information about the physiology of language is from

a) studies of persons with stroke.
b) studies using electrical stimulation on verbal behavior in seizure patients.
c) studies of persons after accidental brain trauma.
d) studies of autistic children.
e) PET scans of brain activity during verbal behavior in normal subjects.
8. Evidence suggests which of the following is true about prosody?

a) Punctuation symbols are mimics of prosody.
b) The right hemisphere plays a role in the production and perception of prosody.
c) It is normal in people with Wernicke's aphasia.
d) It often serves as a vehicle for conveying emotion.
e) All of the above are correct.
9. Which of the following would not be considered to be an example of aphasia?

a) impaired language comprehension in a college sophomore after a night of drinking during spring break.
b) speech production difficulty after brain damage
c) a stroke involving the left hemisphere impairs speech production
d) impaired language comprehension after years of excessive alcohol consumption
e) B and C are correct.
10. A difficulty in the production or comprehension of speech is NOT aphasia if

a) the language difficulty occurs in a person who is in a coma.
b) it reflects a general sensory/motor deficit.
c) it is caused by damage to the ear.
d) it is caused by paralysis of the vocal cords.
e) All of the above are correct.
11. In the study of handedness and hemispheric speech lateralization, what measure was used to determine hemispheric dominance?

a) MRI scans of brain activity
b) changes in cerebral blood flow
c) EEG studies of brain activity
d) accumulation of radioactive 2-DG in neurons
e) PET scans of brain activity
12. Which of the following is a primary disturbance in comprehension or production of speech that is caused by brain damage?

a) dysgraphia
b) autism
c) aphasia
d) agraphia
e) alexia
13. Verbal behavior is said to be a lateralized function of the left hemisphere in that

a) most language problems are noted after damage to the right rather than the left hemisphere.
b) most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than the right hemispher
c) most persons show a greater change in the right side of their mouth during speech.
d) right-handed persons are more likely to have their language center located within the right hemisphere.
e) electrical stimulation of the left hemisphere has less effect on language than does similar stimulation of the right hemisphere.
14. Which of the following is a reliable means by which to determine which side of the brain is dominant for speech?

a) assess changes in cerebral blood flow during verbal behavior
b) administer a CT scan
c) note in which hand the person holds a book while reading aloud
d) ask whether an individual is left-handed or right-handed
e) watch the direction of eye movement when a person thinks of a purely linguistic question
15. Which of the following is true of handedness and hemispheric speech dominance?

a) Right hemisphere damage does not alter speech in left-handed people.
b) Over 90% of the population shows right-hemisphere dominance for speech.
c) Left-hemisphere dominance is noted in 50% of ambidextrous people.
d) Over 90% of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.
e) Left-hemisphere dominance is noted in 50% of right-handed people.
16. The left hemisphere is better than the right hemisphere at

a) perceiving spatial relationships.
b) analyzing sequences of stimuli.
c) analysis of events and object s that occur at the same time.
d) recognizing the emotional tone in a voice.
e) All of the above are correct.
17. Damage to the right hemisphere would likely interfere with which function?

a) reading complex written instructions
b) understanding speech
c) moving the right hand
d) reading a map
e) producing speech
18. The normal rhythm and stress found in speech is called

a) grammatical flow.
b) syntax.
c) circumlocution
d) prosody.
e) aural intonation.
19. A person with damage to the right hemisphere would have the most difficulty in

a) producing speech.
b) reading complex written instructions.
c) understanding the emotional content of a speech.
d) spelling technical words.
e) moving the right hand.
20. Speech starts with decisions as to what will be said which can involve our current or past perceptions. The brain regions that are responsible for having something to say would be those located

a) in the primary motor cortex.
b) on either side of the corpus callosum.
c) in the posterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres.
d) in the anterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres.
e) distal to the hippocampus.
21. People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty

a) producing speech.
b) understanding speech.
c) spelling simple words.
d) saying content words.
e) recognizing the emotional content of speech.
22. In the animation on Broca's aphasia, the male patient

a) could easily articulate words like "cigarette."
b) was unable to answer yes or no questions about object functions.
c) showed great difficulty in articulating words.
d) showed fluent articulate speech.
e) C and D are correct
23. Which of the following brain regions is involved in Broca's aphasia?

a) inferior left frontal lobe
b) inferior right frontal lobe
c) left posterior cerebral cortex
d) portions of the planum temporale
e) the arcuate fasciculus
24. ________ are examples of function words while ________ are examples of content words.

a) "Person," "difficult;" "a," "in"
b) "Throw," "heave;" "some," "the"
c) "Some," "the;" "a," "in"
d) "Some," "the;" "apple," "fail"
e) "Apple," "fail;" "some," "the"
25. People with Broca's aphasia would have the most difficulty

a) saying function words.
b) saying content words.
c) understanding speech.
d) spelling content words.
e) recognizing complex geometrical forms.
26. The notion that aphasia involves structures other than Broca's area comes from studies in which

a) damage to the corpus callosum produces aphasia.
b) PET scans show increased blood flow in structures located under Broca's area when subjects read words aloud.
c) damage to the head of the caudate nucleus produces aphasia.
d) PET scans show increased blood flow in structures located in the right posterior cortex when subjects read words aloud.
e) B and D are correct.
27. The KE family is remarkable in that their speech disorder has been linked to

a) a single gene on chromosome 21.
b) a single gene on chromosome 7.
c) abnormal neural development of the right frontal cortex.
d) abnormal neural development of the posterior association cortex.
e) the use of recreational drugs such as cocaine.
28. All of the following speech deficits accompany Broca's aphasia EXCEPT

a) articulation difficulties.
b) agrammatism.
c) dysgraphia.
d) anomia.
e) All but C are correct.
29. People who have Broca's aphasia

a) have difficulty comprehending word order.
b) seem unaware of their difficulties.
c) have sustained damage to the right frontal lobe.
d) can pronounce words correctly, but slowly.
e) produce fluent, but meaningless speech.
30. Which of the following speech deficits are a common feature of all forms of aphasia?

a) dysgraphia
b) anomia
c) articulation difficulties
d) agrammatism
e) All but C are correct.
31. Anomia refers to

a) an impairment in the spelling of words.
b) the primary symptom of Broca's, but not Wernicke's aphasia.
c) a difficulty in choosing the right word in a sentenc
d) poor word comprehension.
e) a difficulty in the pronunciation of words in a sentence.
32. A person who has difficulties in the use of word order, use of function words, and selection of appropriate word endings would be said to have

a) anosmia.
b) anomia.
c) agrammatism.
d) apraxia.
e) articulation disorder.
33. A research study by Dronkers suggests that the speech difficulty of articulation involves damage to the

a) right precentral gyrus of the insula.
b) anterior temporal lobe.
c) right posterior association cortex.
d) postcentral insular cortex.
e) left precentral gyrus of the insul
34. A person with damage to the left precentral gyrus of the insula would be expected to show

a) an inability to use sign language to communicate with others.
b) impairment in the spelling of function words.
c) problems in asking for help of another.
d) difficulty in word pronunciation.
e) problems in understanding abstract speech.
35. Vocalization is elicited in a variety of species after ________ of the ________ .

a) ablation; periaqueductal gray
b) chemical stimulation; periaqueductal gray
c) electrical stimulation; pons
d) ablation; ventromedial hypothalamus
e) electrical stimulation; reticular formation
36. Mutism is noted in humans after damage to the ________ .

a) central nucleus of the amygdala.
b) right inferior insular cortex.
c) reticular formation.
d) right posterior association cortex.
e) periaqueductal gray.
37. In the study summarized in the animation entitled "Speech Perception," which of the following brain regions were activated by simplified unintelligible speech sounds?

a) corpus callosum
b) left temporal cortex
c) Broca's area
d) right frontal cortex
e) No regions were activate
38. A primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia is

a) fumbling for the right word.
b) labored and nonfluent speech.
c) mutism.
d) speech that lacks rhythm and tone.
e) effortless production of meaningless speech.
39. An individual with Wernicke's aphasia

a) cannot use prepositions.
b) cannot use function words.
c) is aware of her or his deficits in speech.
d) has major difficulty in understanding speech.
e) A and C are correct.
40. Wernicke's aphasia is caused by damage to

a) the left parietal lobe.
b) superior temporal gyrus of the left hemispher
c) inferior occipital cortex.
d) Broca's area.
e) frontal association cortex of the right hemisphere.
41. Which of the following is an example of a receptive aphasia?

a) Broca's aphasia
b) Wernicke's aphasia
c) apraxia
d) orthographic dysgraphia
e) alexia
42. Damage to the left temporal lobe produces a problem in

a) understanding speech.
b) reading lips.
c) recognizing nonspeech sounds.
d) hearing.
e) speaking.
43. A person with pure word deafness CANNOT

a) understand nonspeech sounds.
b) speak.
c) read lips.
d) hear.
e) understand speech.
44. A person with pure word deafness is able to

a) read and write.
b) understand the emotion expressed in speech.
c) recognize nonspeech sounds such as a dog barking.
d) read lips.
e) All of the above are correct.
45. The information conveyed in a spoken word resides in its

a) prosody.
b) pitch.
c) tempo.
d) timing.
e) emphasis.
46. The key aspect of sound that allows a person to recognize a word resides in

a) the short-duration starts and stops of speech sounds.
b) slow changes in speech rhythm.
c) tone of the speech.
d) the pitch of the voice.
e) prosody cues.
47. Pure word deafness reflects

a) bilateral interruption of signals from the primary auditory cortex to Wernicke's area.
b) bilateral interruption of signals from the posterior association cortex to Wernicke's area.
c) disruption of circuits that analyse fine-grain auditory signals.
d) disruption of circuits that analyse slow-changing auditory signals.
e) A and C are correct.
48. Damage to which of the following areas causes transcortical sensory aphasia?

a) the primary auditory cortex
b) Wernicke's area
c) prefrontal cortex
d) Broca's area
e) the posterior language area
49. Someone who has transcortical sensory aphasia would

a) be able to understand speech.
b) be able to follow verbal commands.
c) be able to produce their own spontaneous speech.
d) be able to answer questions.
e) be able to repeat what someone else sai
50. Transcortical sensory aphasia can be produced by

a) damage to the posterior language area.
b) damage to a region dorsal to Broca's area.
c) electrical stimulation of portions of the lateral temporal lobe near Wernicke's area.
d) damage to the posterior aspect of the corpus callosum.
e) A and C are correct.
51. One way to think about Wernicke's aphasia is that this syndrome is

a) a mixture of Broca's disorder and alexia.
b) a mixture of pure word deafness and transcortical sensory aphasi
c) produced by damage to the connections of the posterior language area.
d) a mixture of transcortical sensory aphasia less pure word deafness.
e) a mixture of pure word deafness and alexia.
52. Which of the following is an important implication of transcortical sensory aphasia?

a) Speech recognition and comprehension are different processes.
b) The lateral temporal lobe is key for speech repetition.
c) The periaqueductal gray is not important for speech repetition.
d) Speech recognition comes after speech comprehension.
e) B and C are correct.
53. The meanings of words are most likely stored in

a) lateral temporal cortex.
b) Wernicke's area.
c) Broca's area.
d) primary auditory cortex.
e) association cortex.
54. The inability to name body parts is called

a) prosopagnosia.
b) autopagnosi
c) somatopagnosia.
d) categorical aphasia.
e) anomia.
55. In the animation entitled "Pure Alexia," impairment of reading was shown to result from damage to the ________ and the ________ .

a) amygdala; hippocampus
b) posterior corpus callosum; right frontal cortex
c) right visual cortex; anterior fornix
d) left visual cortex; posterior corpus callosum
e) right visual cortex; anterior corpus callosum
56. Damage to which of the following brain regions produces an inability to name body parts?

a) left parietal lobe
b) primary visual cortex
c) right parietal lobe
d) left frontal lobe
e) posterior language area
57. Making judgments about a verbal passage activates ________ .

a) portions of the right hemispher
b) the left inferior temporal pole.
c) Broca's area.
d) the posterior language area.
e) portions of the corpus callosum.
58. Which of the following forms a direct neural connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?

a) the anterior commissure
b) the corpus callosum
c) the fornix
d) the stria terminalis
e) the arcuate fasciculus
59. A person who sustains damage to the ________ will be unable to ________ .

a) posterior commissure; name objects
b) right temporal pole; name objects
c) arcuate fasciculus; repeat nonwords
d) right temporal pole; produce fluent spontaneous speech
e) arcuate fasciculus; comprehend speech
60. Someone with conduction aphasia is unable to

a) name proper nouns.
b) repeat nonwords.
c) produce fluent spontaneous speech.
d) repeat words that have familiar meanings.
e) name objects.
61. Studies of patients with conduction aphasia have led to which of the following conclusions about the neural control of language?

a) The meanings of words are stored in the right parietal cortex.
b) Wernicke's aphasia is not a form of receptive aphasia.
c) The arcuate fasciculus sends information about the meaning of words to the frontal lobes.
d) There are different neural paths for sounds and for meanings of words.
e) The parietal lobe analyzes the sounds of words.
62. Patients with pure anomia have difficulty in

a) choosing the correct words to express an ide
b) producing fluent speech.
c) comprehension.
d) repeating nonwords.
e) repeating words.
63. Anomia for verbs

a) is produced by damage to the arcuate fasciculus.
b) is a common symptom of Wernicke's aphasia.
c) is an example of a fluent anomia.
d) is caused by damage to tissue near Broca's are
e) is a symptom noted after damage to the right posterior language area.
64. Sign language is a variant of

a) Spanish.
b) English.
c) Chinese.
d) French.
e) None of the abov
65. American Sign language (ASL) resembles auditory communication in that

a) spoken language can easily be translated on a word-for-word basis.
b) damage to the left hemisphere does not alter sign language comprehension or expression.
c) the left hemisphere is activated during the interpretation of signs.
d) damage to the right hemisphere greatly impairs sign language comprehension and expression.
e) left-handed persons show better expression than comprehension.
66. John Q. Public has learned Spanish as a second language in addition to his primary English language but has suffered an aphasia-producing strok Which of the following would you expect of John?

a) He will show similar improvements in both English and Spanish during recovery from the strok
b) He will be forced to learn a third language in order to communicate with others.
c) He will show faster improvement in Spanish than English.
d) Most bilingual stroke victims show recovery of both languages.
e) The primary language will recover faster than the secondary language.
67. Which of the following is NOT an example of prosody?

a) using an active rather than a passive verb
b) variation in the loudness of speech
c) changes in speech rhythm
d) variation of voice pitch
e) variation in the voice tone
68. Evidence suggests which of the following is true about prosody?

a) Punctuation symbols are mimics of prosody.
b) It often serves as a vehicle for conveying emotion.
c) It is normal in people with Wernicke's aphasia.
d) The right hemisphere plays a role in the production and perception of prosody.
e) All of the above are correct.
69. Evidence suggests which of the following is true about prosody?

a) It often serves as a vehicle for conveying emotion.
b) It is normal in people with Wernicke's aphasia.
c) Prosody is disrupted in Broca's aphasia.
d) The right hemisphere plays a key role in the production and perception of prosody.
e) All of the above are correct.
70. Damage to the right hemisphere impairs the production of prosody in that

a) prosody involves spatial perception.
b) prosody uses spatial cues to communicate meaning.
c) the right hemisphere is specialized for the analysis of word meaning.
d) the right hemisphere controls the vocal cords.
e) prosody resembles singing and communicates emotion.
71. A person who has pure alexia

a) cannot read, but can recognize words spelled alou
b) is usually unable to choose appropriate words.
c) is unable to write.
d) suffers from a pure form of aphasia.
e) would also have agraphia.
72. Pure alexia refers to

a) difficulties in spelling.
b) the inability to perceive words.
c) word deafness.
d) pure word blindness.
e) the inability to write.
73. Damage to pathways that carry ________ information to the ________ produces pure alexia.

a) visual; left extrastriate cortex
b) auditory; Wernicke's area
c) visual; right extrastriate cortex
d) auditory; right striate cortex
e) auditory; Broca's area
74. Reading a word aloud requires

a) that visual input project to the right frontal lobe.
b) that visual input project though the posterior corpus callosum to the posterior left hemispher
c) that auditory input project to the right frontal lobe.
d) that visual input project though the anterior corpus callosum to the posterior right hemisphere.
e) cross over of visual information at the corpus callosum.
75. A study of cerebral blood flow indicates that the ________ plays a key role in recognizing familiar combinations of letters that form words or pronounceable nonwords.

a) right frontal cortex
b) posterior language
c) medial extrastriate cortex
d) region in and around Wernicke's area
e) limbic cortex
76. A key difference between visual agnosia and pure alexia is that

a) a person with visual agnosia can still rea
b) pure alexia impairs the ability to recognize objects.
c) alexia disrupts spelling but not reading.
d) a person with visual agnosia is unable to read.
e) pure alexia impairs the ability to name objects.
77. Which of the following supports the notion that distinct neural mechanisms are involved in word recognition and object recognition?

a) Brain damage can impair word recognition, but not object recognition.
b) Some persons with certain areas of brain damage cannot read nor can they recognize objects.
c) Certain mental diseases produce changes in word recognition and object recognition.
d) Brain damage can impair object recognition, but not word recognition.
e) A and D are correct.
78. Dyslexia refers to

a) word blindness.
b) an inability to communicate via sign language.
c) faulty reading.
d) poor penmanship.
e) a speech impediment.
79. Individuals with surface dyslexia

a) cannot recognize individual letters.
b) cannot understand the meaning of words.
c) cannot read.
d) are unable to use whole-word reading.
e) cannot sound out words.
80. Acquired dyslexia refers to a reading difficulty that

a) is produced by unsupportive and abusive parents.
b) involves genetic changes in brain circuitry.
c) develop in utero.
d) is caused by nutritional deficits.
e) results from brain damage after the person has learned to rea
81. Individuals with phonological dyslexia have difficulty

a) in silent reading.
b) reading for comprehension.
c) in using whole word reading, but can sound out familiar words.
d) reading aloud.
e) reading unfamiliar words.
82. Which of the following is true of the Japanese language?

a) Kanji symbols are a visual representation of a vowel or syllable.
b) Kanji symbols are a visual representation of a concept.
c) Difficulty in reading kana symbols is analogous to surface dyslexia.
d) Kanji symbols follow precise pronunciation rules.
e) Kana symbols are a visual representation of a concept.
83. Word-form dyslexia refers to an inability to

a) recognize letters.
b) quickly recognize words.
c) spell out the letters in a word.
d) distinguish words from nonwords.
e) associate a visual image with a word.
84. A Japanese person who suffers from surface dyslexia would be expected to

a) be unable to read at all.
b) have difficulty in reading kana symbols.
c) have difficulty in reading kanji symbols.
d) be unable to name familiar objects.
e) A and D are correct.
85. Patients with ________ dyslexia are able to read aloud, but do not understand what they are reading.

a) whole-sentence
b) direct
c) spelling
d) surface
e) genetic
86. Direct dyslexia is similar to that of ________ , but involving ________ .

a) Wernicke's aphasia; written words
b) transcortical sensory aphasia; spoken words
c) Broca's aphasia; spoken words
d) Broca's aphasia; sounds
e) transcortical sensory aphasia; written words
87. Patient R.F. showed a form of aphasia in which she was

a) able to use verbal communication.
b) unable to read.
c) unable to match objects with the words that represent the object.
d) unable to sound out new words.
e) A and C are correct.
88. ________ refers to a deficit in ________ .

a) Phonological dysgraphia; visually-based writing
b) Semantic dysgraphia; symbol recognition
c) Orthographic dysgraphia; visually-based writing
d) Direct dysgraphia; phonetically based reading
e) Direct dyslexia; phonetically based reading
89. The general term used to refer to an impairment of writing is

a) dysgraphi
b) orthographia.
c) dyslexia.
d) dystypia.
e) alexia.
90. Developmental dyslexias

a) involve difficulty in learning language.
b) run in families and may have a genetic basis.
c) have difficulty with whole-word reading.
d) resemble phonological dyslexia.
e) All of the above are correct.
91. Developmental dyslexia involves

a) a genetic disorder.
b) decreases in gray matter in many brain areas.
c) a loss of cells in the magnocellular visual system.
d) a difficulty in acquiring language skills.
e) All of the above are correct.
92. According to research by Geschwind, there is a causal link between developmental dyslexia and which of the following?

a) stuttering
b) right-handedness
c) season of birth
d) left-handedness
e) right hemispheric speech dominance
This is more feedback!
This is the feedback!



Do góry