NEURON I ( j.ang)

Bogdan Koczanowski Ph.D.

1. Each of the following is a function of the nervous system, except

a) integrating sensory information.
b) directing activities that continue for extended periods such as growth and pregnancy.
c) coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities.
d) providing sensation of the internal and external environments.
e) regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems.
2. The brain and spinal cord comprise the nervous system.

a) efferent
b) central
c) afferent
d) autonomic
e) peripheral
3. Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the nervous system.

a) parasympathetic
b) somatic
c) afferent
d) sympathetic
e) autonomic
4. The part of the peripheral nervous system which brings information to the central nervous system is

a) motor.
b) afferent.
c) efferent.
d) somatic.
e) autonomic.
5. Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

a) support
b) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
c) phagocytosis
d) information processing
e) isolation of neurons
6. Each of the following is a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system, except

a) astrocytes.
b) ependymal cells.
c) satellite cells.
d) microglia.
e) oligodendrocytes.
7. The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

a) satellite cells.
b) ependymal cells.
c) microglia.
d) astrocytes.
e) oligodendrocytes.
8. Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except

a) performing repairs in damaged neural tissue.
b) maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
c) functioning in action potential transmission.
d) guiding neuron development.
e) creating a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.
9. The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

a) ependymal cells.
b) satellite cells.
c) astrocytes.
d) oligodendrocytes.
e) microglia.
10. The type of glial cell that is found lining the ventricles and spinal canal are the

a) astrocytes.
b) oligodendrocytes.
c) microglia.
d) ependymal cells.
e) satellite cells.
11. Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the

a) oligodendrocytes.
b) astrocytes.
c) microglia.
d) satellite cells.
e) ependymal cells.
12. The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

a) astrocytes.
b) microglia.
c) oligodendrocytes.
d) satellite cells.
e) Schwann cells.
13. Glial cells found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are

a) astrocytes.
b) ependymal cells.
c) microglia.
d) satellite cells.
e) oligodendrocytes.
14. Which of the following is not a glial cell of the nervous system?

a) neurons
b) microglia
c) Schwann cells
d) ependymal cells
e) satellite cells
15. Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the

a) neurons.
b) Schwann cells.
c) microglia.
d) neuroglia.
e) astrocytes.
16. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of a neuron is called the

a) protoplasm.
b) perikaryon.
c) cytoplasm.
d) nucleoplasm.
e) sarcoplasm.
17. Aggregations of fixed and free ribosomes in neurons are referred to as

a) microglia.
b) neurofibrils.
c) perikaryon.
d) Nissl bodies.
e) neurofilaments.
18. The axon is connected to the soma by the

a) telodendria.
b) synapse.
c) collaterals.
d) hillock.
e) synaptic knobs.
19. Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called

a) telodendria.
b) hillock.
c) synaptic knobs.
d) collaterals.
e) synapse.
20. Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

a) synaptic knobs.
b) hillocks.
c) collaterals.
d) synapse.
e) telodendria.
21. Neurotransmitters are released from the

a) hillock.
b) collaterals.
c) synapse.
d) synaptic knobs.
e) telodendria.
22. The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the

a) telodendria.
b) collateral.
c) synapse.
d) synaptic knob.
e) hillock.
23. The rabies virus can travel to the CNS via

a) CSF.
b) retrograde flow.
c) blood vessels.
d) connective tissue.
e) axoplasmic transport.
24. Neurons that are small and offer no anatomical clues to distinguish axons from dendrites are called

a) multipolar.
b) tripolar.
c) anaxonic.
d) bipolar.
e) unipolar.
25. Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

a) tripolar.
b) bipolar.
c) multipolar.
d) unipolar.
e) anaxonic.
26. Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite are called

a) bipolar.
b) unipolar.
c) tripolar.
d) multipolar.
e) anaxonic.
27. Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

a) bipolar.
b) unipolar.
c) anaxonic.
d) tripolar.
e) multipolar.
28. Sensory neurons of the PNS are

a) anaxonic.
b) multipolar.
c) tripolar.
d) unipolar.
e) bipolar.
29. Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors?

a) urinary activities
b) sight
c) cardiovascular activities
d) taste
e) activities of the digestive system
30. Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

a) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
b) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
c) membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
d) The interior of the cell membrane has an excess of negatively charged protein molecules.
e) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
31. Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?

a) Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell.
b) Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out the cell.
c) Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell.
d) Only electrical forces are involved in the movement of sodium ions into the cell.
e) Chemical and electrical forces both push sodium ions into the cell.
32. At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its ion exchange pump transports

a) 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
b) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
c) 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
d) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
e) 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.
33. Membrane channels that are always open are called channels.

a) active
b) regulated
c) local
d) gated
e) passive
34. Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

a) hyperpolarization.
b) reestablishing the resting potential.
c) increased negative charge inside the membrane.
d) repolarization.
e) depolarization.
35. Voltage regulated channels can be found

a) at the motor end plate.
b) on the surface of dendrites.
c) along the perikaryon of neurons.
d) on the soma of neurons.
e) in the membrane that covers axons.
36. The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.1. Sodium channels are inactivated.2. Voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell initiating repolarization.3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties.4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.6. Sodium channel activation occurs.7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. The proper sequence of these events is

a) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.
b) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1.
c) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5.
d) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.
e) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.
37. The sodium-potassium exchange pump

a) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization.
b) moves sodium and potassium in the direction of their chemical gradients.
c) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization.
d) requires ATP to function.
e) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential.
38. The all-or-none principle states that

a) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
b) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential.
c) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.
d) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.
e) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
39. During continuous conduction,

a) local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions.
b) local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.
c) action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon.
d) action potentials move in all directions along an axon.
e) action potentials produce a local current that is strong enough to spread along the length of the axon.
40. During saltatory conduction,

a) local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.
b) action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon.
c) action potentials move in all directions along an axon.
d) action potentials produce a local current that is strong enough to spread along the length of the axon.
e) local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions.
41. Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?

a) whether the axon is sensory or motor
b) length of the axon
c) diameter of the axon
d) presence or absence of a myelin sheath
e) presence or absence of nodes
42. In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greatest?

a) a type A fiber
b) a type B fiber
c) a type C fiber
d) a type D fiber
e) a type E fiber
43. Which of the following comparisons between neurons and muscle tissue is incorrect?

a) Resting potentials are greater in muscle fibers.
b) Muscle fibers conduct action potentials at relatively slower speeds.
c) Action potentials are completed more quickly in muscle fibers.
d) Muscle fibers only conduct action potentials via continuous conduction.
e) Action potentials last longer in muscle fibers.
44. Which type of synapse dominates the nervous system?

a) processing
b) radiative
c) mechanical
d) electrical
e) chemical
45. The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is

a) calcium.
b) zinc.
c) potassium.
d) chloride.
e) sodium.
46. Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

a) GABA.
b) adrenalin.
c) serotonin.
d) norepinephrine.
e) acetylcholine.
47. The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse.1. Chemically regulated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob.3. Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase.4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob at the presynaptic membrane.5. The synaptic knob reabsorbs choline.6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob.The correct sequence for these events is

a) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
b) 2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3.
c) 4, 2, 6, 7, 8, 5, 3, 1.
d) 4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
e) 6, 4, 2, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
48. Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

a) acetylcholine.
b) serotonin.
c) dopamine.
d) norepinephrine.
e) GABA.
49. The following is a list of the steps that occur during transmission at an adrenergic synapse.1. cAMP activates an enzyme that opens the chemically regulated sodium channels.2. Norepinephrine is inactivated by the enzyme COMT.3. Norepinephrine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob.5. Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob.6. cAMP is activated.7. Norepinephrine is released from the presynaptic membrane.The proper sequence of these events is

a) 5, 7, 3, 6, 1, 2, 4.
b) 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 1, 2.
c) 7, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2.
d) 6, 1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 2.
e) 4, 7, 3, 6, 5, 1, 2.
50. The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on

a) the quantity of neurotransmitters released.
b) the frequency of neurotransmitter release.
c) the nature of the neurotransmitter.
d) the characteristics of the receptors.
e) both A and B
51. Which of the following is usually an excitatory neurotransmitter?

a) DOPA
b) serotonin
c) gamma-aminobutyric acid
d) noradrenaline
e) dopamine
52. Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?

a) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation
b) change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle
c) prevent neurotransmitter binding to receptors
d) alter the rate of neurotransmitter release
e) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis
53. The actual site of information processing in the nervous system is the

a) axonal hillock.
b) chemical synapse.
c) electrical synapse.
d) synaptic knob.
e) dendritic membrane.
54. EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when

a) chloride ions enter a cell.
b) more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
c) hyperpolarizations occur.
d) more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
e) sodium channels are opened.
55. IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

a) prevent the efflux of potassium ions.
b) result in local hyperpolarizations.
c) result in local depolarizations.
d) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions.
e) prevent the efflux of calcium ions.
56. When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

a) temporal summation
b) decrease in speed of impulse transmission
c) spatial summation
d) hyperpolarization
e) inhibition of the impulse
57. Which of the following is not an effect of a rise in pH?

a) Nervous system becomes more excitable.
b) Neurons begin to generate action potentials spontaneously.
c) Individual neurons are facilitated.
d) Inhibitory neurotransmitters are produced in excess.
e) both C and D
58. Neurons normally derive ATP solely through

a) use of stored glycogen.
b) catabolism of DNA.
c) anaerobic glycolysis.
d) aerobic glycolysis.
e) formation of creatine phosphate.
59. Active neurons need ATP to support all of the following, except

a) the recovery from action potentials.
b) the recycling of neurotransmitter molecules.
c) the synthesis and release of neurotransmitter molecules.
d) the movement of materials to and from the axon via somatic flow.
e) the movement of materials to and from the soma via axoplasmic flow.
60. Interneurons

a) are found between neurons and their effectors.
b) carry only sensory impulses.
c) are found only in the central nervous system.
d) only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons.
e) carry only motor impulses.
61. A group of interconnected neurons with specific functions is called a(n)

a) facilitated group.
b) discharge pool.
c) neuronal pool.
d) neuronal zone.
e) facilitated zone.
62. The processing of the same information at the same time by several neuronal pools is called

a) parallel processing.
b) b. facilitation.
c) divergent processing.
d) serial processing.
e) convergent processing.
63. Collections of nerve cell bodies in the brain are called

a) fibers or processes.
b) groups or clusters.
c) roots or pyramids.
d) centers or nuclei.
e) ganglia or tracts.
64. Sensory information concerning position and balance and motor neurons that control skeletal muscles travel over fibers.

a) type A
b) type B
c) type C
d) type D
e) type E
65. The resistance across the cell membrane is determined by

a) the number and type of channels in the membrane.
b) the surface area of the membrane.
c) the amount of lipid in the membrane.
d) the thickness of the membrane.
e) the number of ions in the structure of the membrane.
66. Active neurons require large amounts of ATP for all of the following, except

a) axoplasmic flow.
b) synthesis and recycling of neurotransmitters.
c) the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
d) all of the above
e) A and C only
67. When pressure is applied to neural tissue

a) there is an increase in the available blood supply.
b) glial cells degenerate.
c) the membrane becomes inexcitable.
d) neurons divide.
e) action potentials are generated constantly.
68. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

a) regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
b) forming a cellular tube that can direct the growth of new axons.
c) clearing away cellular debris.
d) producing new axons.
e) producing more satellite cells that accomplish the actual repair.
This is more feedback!
This is the feedback!



Back to Top